Les compagnies p\u00e9troli\u00e8res ont investi 600 millions de dollars dans la recherche de p\u00e9trole au large des c\u00f4tes du Suriname. Plus t\u00f4t cette ann\u00e9e, ils ont finalement trouv\u00e9 de l\u2019or. \u00ab Le Suriname ne sera plus jamais le m\u00eame \u00bb, se sont-ils exclam\u00e9s avec joie. Le pays r\u00e9ussira-t-il \u00e0 d\u00e9penser ses dollars p\u00e9troliers \u00e0 bon escient ?<\/p> \n \n
Au cours des cinq derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le Suriname a regard\u00e9 avec envie son voisin, le Guyana. Les compagnies p\u00e9troli\u00e8res y ont d\u00e9couvert un champ p\u00e9trolif\u00e8re lucratif apr\u00e8s l\u2019autre au cours de forages d\u2019essai. La semaine derni\u00e8re, cela s\u2019est reproduit : ExxonMobil a annonc\u00e9 une d\u00e9couverte majeure qui porte les r\u00e9serves de p\u00e9trole du pays \u00e0 environ huit milliards de barils. Par habitant, c\u2019est plus que le Kowe\u00eft.<\/p> \n \n
Le Suriname n\u2019est pas encore tout \u00e0 fait \u00e0 la f\u00eate, mais les compagnies p\u00e9troli\u00e8res Apache et Total ont annonc\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9couverte majeure de p\u00e9trole dans les eaux surinamaises le 7 janvier. Le consultant britannique en \u00e9nergie Wood Mackenzie a estim\u00e9 la d\u00e9couverte \u00e0 300 millions de barils de p\u00e9trole et 1 400 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes de gaz naturel.<\/p> \n \n
Les fonds marins du Suriname ressemblent g\u00e9ologiquement \u00e0 ceux du Guyana, o\u00f9 16 champs p\u00e9trolif\u00e8res ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverts.<\/p> \n \n
Cependant, au moins trois autres forages d\u2019essai sont n\u00e9cessaires pour d\u00e9terminer la quantit\u00e9 exacte de p\u00e9trole dans le sol et s\u2019il est commercialement viable, selon Lucia van Geuns, experte en \u00e9nergie au Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes strat\u00e9giques de La Haye (HCSS). \u00ab Ce n\u2019est qu\u2019\u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0 que les calculs peuvent \u00eatre effectu\u00e9s. \u00bb<\/p> \n \n
Les perspectives sont prometteuses car les fonds marins du Suriname sont g\u00e9ologiquement similaires \u00e0 ceux du Guyana, o\u00f9 16 champs p\u00e9trolif\u00e8res ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverts. Des forages d\u2019essai sont \u00e9galement en cours dans plusieurs endroits du Suriname.<\/p> \n \n
Autre aspect positif : le gisement r\u00e9cemment d\u00e9couvert est constitu\u00e9 de p\u00e9trole relativement l\u00e9ger. Ce type de p\u00e9trole est plus facile \u2013 et moins cher \u2013 \u00e0 extraire que le p\u00e9trole lourd et est beaucoup plus commercialisable \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale. \u00ab\u00a0Le Suriname ne sera plus jamais le m\u00eame\u00a0\u00bb, s\u2019est r\u00e9joui le directeur de Staatsolie, Rudolf Elias, apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9couverte.<\/p> \n \n
Elias a peut-\u00eatre raison. Il ne reste plus au Suriname qu\u2019\u00e0 esp\u00e9rer que le changement sera positif. Le p\u00e9trole peut rendre un pays extr\u00eamement riche ou extr\u00eamement pauvre. Les \u00e9conomistes citent souvent la Norv\u00e8ge comme un exemple de pays ayant une politique p\u00e9troli\u00e8re raisonnable. Le fonds souverain norv\u00e9gien, qui investit les revenus p\u00e9troliers et gaziers, d\u00e9tient d\u00e9sormais plus de 1 000 milliards d\u2019euros, soit environ 188 000 euros par Norv\u00e9gien.<\/p> \n \n
\u00c0 l\u2019autre extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 du spectre se trouve le Venezuela, le pays qui poss\u00e8de les plus grandes r\u00e9serves de p\u00e9trole au monde et qui \u00e9tait autrefois le pays le plus riche d\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Sud. Le Venezuela est devenu enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9pendant des revenus p\u00e9troliers, et lorsque les prix du p\u00e9trole ont chut\u00e9 en 2015, le pays a plong\u00e9 dans une grave crise \u00e9conomique avec une hyperinflation et des p\u00e9nuries extr\u00eames de nourriture et de m\u00e9dicaments.<\/p> \n\r\n
\nQu\u2019est-ce que le Suriname peut gagner ?<\/h3> \n\r\n\r\n \n
Staatsolie, qui est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9tenue par l\u2019\u00c9tat surinamais, a le droit de prendre une participation de 20% dans l\u2019extraction p\u00e9troli\u00e8re du champ r\u00e9cemment d\u00e9couvert. Elle r\u00e9clame alors un cinqui\u00e8me des revenus mais doit \u00e9galement supporter un cinqui\u00e8me des investissements.<\/p> \n\r\n\r\n \n
En outre, l\u2019\u00c9tat du Suriname re\u00e7oit des redevances de 6,5 %, et si l\u2019op\u00e9ration est rentable, le Suriname re\u00e7oit \u00e9galement 36 % des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices.<\/p> \n\r\n\r\n \n
\u00ab Nous devons encore d\u00e9terminer s\u2019il y a effectivement suffisamment de p\u00e9trole r\u00e9cup\u00e9rable. Mais il se pourrait que quelques centaines de millions de dollars affluent bient\u00f4t au Suriname \u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9conomiste Winston Ramautarsing. \u00ab C\u2019est un revenu important pour un petit pays comme le Suriname. \u00bb<\/p> \n<\/blockquote>\r\n \n
La direction que prendra le Suriname d\u00e9pend de la solidit\u00e9 de ses institutions, explique M. Van Geuns. La bonne nouvelle, c\u2019est que, contrairement au Guyana, le Suriname a des d\u00e9cennies d\u2019exp\u00e9rience dans l\u2019extraction p\u00e9troli\u00e8re. \u00ab Staatsolie est une entreprise publique qui fonctionne bien au Suriname, avec un personnel exp\u00e9riment\u00e9. \u00bb<\/p> \n \n
Le directeur de Staatsolie, Elias, vise \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la discipline financi\u00e8re de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019\u00c9tat avec une introduction en bourse partielle \u00e0 New York ou \u00e0 Toronto. Si des investisseurs \u00e9trangers se joignent \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise, cela renforcera la surveillance de l\u2019entreprise, estime M. Elias. De plus, avec une introduction en bourse, Staatsolie peut lever des fonds pour des investissements dans la production p\u00e9troli\u00e8re, estim\u00e9s \u00e0 800 millions de dollars. Moins prometteuse est la gouvernance du Suriname, qui est devenu plus corrompu ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es et a contract\u00e9 des dettes importantes. Depuis 2015, le Suriname est pass\u00e9 de la 36e \u00e0 la 73e place dans l\u2019indice mondial de corruption de Transparency International. Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le gouvernement surinamais a emprunt\u00e9 tellement d\u2019argent qu\u2019il perd 38 % de toutes les recettes fiscales dues au paiement des int\u00e9r\u00eats.<\/p> \n \n
Winston Ramautarsing, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Association des \u00e9conomistes du Suriname : \u00ab Sur la base de l\u2019histoire r\u00e9cente, je ne pense pas que le gouvernement soit pr\u00eat \u00e0 g\u00e9rer l\u2019argent \u00e0 bon escient. \u00bb<\/p> \n \n
Il est int\u00e9ressant de noter que la r\u00e9cession a commenc\u00e9 parce que le Suriname est devenu trop d\u00e9pendant d\u2019une autre mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re, \u00e0 savoir l\u2019or, explique M. Ramautarsing. \u00ab Lorsque le prix de l\u2019or a augment\u00e9 il y a dix ans, l\u2019\u00c9tat a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 vivre au-dessus de ses moyens. Cet argent a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pens\u00e9 en grande partie pour la consommation. Lorsque le prix de l\u2019or a chut\u00e9, un \u00e9norme d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire est apparu.<\/p> \n \n
Une lueur d\u2019espoir est que le parlement surinamais a adopt\u00e9 une loi en 2017 pour cr\u00e9er un \u00ab Fonds d\u2019\u00e9pargne et de stabilisation \u00bb. Ramautarsing souligne qu\u2019il faudra quatre \u00e0 huit ans avant que le premier p\u00e9trole puisse potentiellement \u00eatre vendu.<\/p> \n \n
\u00ab J\u2019esp\u00e8re que les futurs dirigeants auront tir\u00e9 les le\u00e7ons du pass\u00e9 \u00bb, dit-il. \u00ab Mais avec le recul, honn\u00eatement, j\u2019ai peu confiance en cela. \u00bb<\/p> \n","protected":false},"featured_media":23075,"template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"categories":[],"tags":[5706,7951,7945,5699,7952,7947,7925,7946,7948,7949,5702,5692,7950],"class_list":["post-28070","nieuwsbericht","type-nieuwsbericht","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-annand-jagesar-fr","tag-decouverte-de-petrole-fr","tag-exploration-petroliere-fr","tag-exxonmobil-fr","tag-gestion-des-ressources","tag-gestion-financiere","tag-gouvernement-suriname","tag-impact-economique","tag-investissement-fr","tag-politique-en-matiere-de-contenu-local","tag-staatsolie-maatschappij-suriname-nv-fr","tag-totalenergies-fr","tag-vendabilite"],"yoast_head":"\n
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